Causative Factors of RTC		Improvement measure	Prevention measures
			Short term	Long term
A. Human Factors
	Speed Violations	Invest in public awareness campaigns highlighting the dangers of speeding and promoting responsible driving habits	√
		Design roads with features like traffic calming measures and lower speed limits in high-risk areas		√
	Use of Phone While Driving	Promote phone-free driving initiatives and encourage passengers to intervene when drivers use phones	√
		Greater enforcement of hands-free laws and implement automatic detection systems for phone use while driving		√
	Wrongful Overtaking	Implement stricter penalties for reckless overtaking and enforce stricter lane discipline	√
		Improve road infrastructure with proper lane markings, clear overtaking zones and adequate passing lanes		√
	Dangerous Driving	Provide comprehensive training that focuses on safe driving techniques, hazard recognition, and risk assessment	√
		Public awareness programs emphasising the benefits of seatbelt use and rigorous enforcement of seatbelt regulations	√
		Implement advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS): Technologies, like lane departure warning and automatic emergency braking, can help prevent crashes caused by distracted or reckless driving		√
		The establishment of long-term campaigns demonstrating the life-saving benefits of seatbelt use in high-speed and low-speed crashes		√
	Sleeping while driving	Implement mandatory breaks for long-distance drivers: Enforce regulations on driving hours and require rest periods to prevent fatigue-induced crashes	√
		Install fatigue detection systems in commercial vehicles: These systems can monitor driver behaviour and alertness, sending warnings when fatigue is detected		√
	Driving Under Alcohol/ Drug Influence	Strengthen laws to prevent alcohol/drug impaired driving: Implement stricter penalties, including licence suspensions and imprisonment, for driving under the influence	√
		Support public education and awareness programs		√
	Traffic Sign/Signal Violation	Improve traffic signal visibility and placement: Ensure clear visibility of signals, especially during low-light conditions, and consider adjusting timing sequences to minimise red-light running	√
		Implement red-light running cameras: Capture evidence of violations and consistently enforce penalties as a deterrent		√
	Fatigue	Introduce regulations on driver working hours and mandatory rest periods to combat fatigue-related crashes	√
		Implement technologies in commercial vehicles that monitor driver fatigue and alert them to potential risks		√
B. Machines
	Tyre Burst	Promote regular tyre maintenance and inspections to identify worn-out or damaged tyres before they fail	√
		Implement regulations and standards for tyre quality and minimum tread depth requirements		√
	Mechanically Deficient Vehicle	Enforce mandatory vehicle inspection programs to ensure roadworthiness and identify potential mechanical issues	√
		Encourage regular vehicle maintenance and repairs to address problems before they lead to crashes		√
	Brake Failure	Implement regular brake system inspections and maintenance schedules to identify and address potential faults	√
		Develop and implement advanced braking technologies such as anti-lock braking systems (ABS) as standard features		√
	Overloading	Enforce weight limits and conduct regular inspections: Implement stricter monitoring of vehicle weight compliance and penalise overloading to prevent instability and crashes	√
		Invest in weigh-in-motion (WIM) technology: Automate vehicle weight measurement at checkpoints and on highways to facilitate efficient enforcement		√
C. Environmental factors
	Low Quality Roads	Allocate resources for proper road maintenance and repair, addressing issues like potholes, uneven surfaces, and inadequate drainage	√
		Design new roads with safety features like improved visibility, proper signage, and crash barriers		√
	Route Violation	Improve signage and markings to guide drivers and prevent confusion or wrong turns	√
		Utilise traffic management systems to divert or reroute traffic during road closures or disruptions		√
	Road Obstruction Violation	Improve road maintenance and infrastructure: Address issues like potholes, debris, and overgrown vegetation that can obstruct roads and create hazards	√
		Implement clear signage and markings: Use proper warnings and instructions to guide drivers around obstructions and enforce penalties for ignoring designated detour routes	√
	Poor Weather	Enhance weather forecasting and alert systems to promptly warn drivers about adverse weather conditions	√
		Promote responsible driving practices in bad weather, including adjusting speed, maintaining safe distances, and avoiding unnecessary travel		√